The first global stocktake (GST) under the Paris Agreement takes place from 2021–23 and serves as the first official checkpoint to assess Parties’ collective progress on climate action.

The Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES) is working closely with the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) on a project to help shape the GST process. We have developed three landscape analyses, or surveys, of promising opportunities that could provide substantial, near-term scalable enhanced climate action and support in the context of the Paris Agreement’s long-term goals.

In relation to adaptation and resilience, this paper surveys the landscape of emerging research, data, frameworks, initiatives, technologies, policy options, and processes, including through literature reviews, interviews, and surveys, as appropriate. This landscape analysis provides a starting point to understand the intricate and fragmented landscape of adaptation actors and actions. It brings light onto the technical aspects of adaptation, highlighting potentially transformational opportunities to scale up adaptation ambition.