This brief focuses on the challenge of heat for the industrial sector. Worldwide, heat makes up roughly three-quarters (74 percent) of energy demand for industry and accounts for more than one-fifth of total (all sectors) global energy consumption. Today, most industrial heat production comes from the combustion of fossil fuels; 45 percent is produced using coal, 30 percent with natural gas, 15 percent with oil, and 9 percent with renewable energy.