In order to implement the GST targets and signals through enhanced NDC ambition and implementation, major barriers must be meaningfully addressed, turned into opportunities for enhanced international cooperation, and translated into development priorities and domestic policies. In the context of making the case for clear leadership to enable such action, this paper:

• focuses on the GST decision’s call to Parties to contribute to, in a nationally determined manner, the doubling of energy efficiency globally by 2030 (that is, doubling the global average annual rate of energy efficiency improvements)
• sets out barriers and solutions, as identified by our work and others, that must be addressed and implemented to enable real action in 2024
• sets out key leadership considerations, how such a leadership role can be effectively utilized, and key priorities for 2024-2026.